A Breathable and Strain-Insensitive Multi-Layered E-SkinPatch for Digital Healthcare Wearables
In this study, a breathable and strain-insensitive multi-layered electronic skin (e-skin) capable of real-time detection and distinction of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, temperature, and skin hydration is developed. Leveraging a scalable benchtop method, sensing elements are transferred onto porous and hydrophobic substrates, followed by multi-layer stacking to enable multimodal sensing. The sensing elements, a combination of carbon nanotube and nanoporous carbon (CNT@NPC) ink, are applied using strain-insensitive patterned masks, then spray-coated with styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) to create a hierarchical porous network through phase separation. The CNT@NPC networks exhibit an improvement in strain insensitivity with active sensing capabilities due to their adaptable molecular tuning capacity and exceptional electrical conductivity. The porous SEBS substrate offers strong bonding with CNT@NPC attributed to the π–π interactions and high kinetic energy dispersion from spray coating allowing effective transfer. This unique design facilitates breathability, and miniaturization that minimizes the interference between different sensing modalities, ensuring accurate and reliable data acquisition. The breathability (3.49 mg cm−2 h−1) and the non-smearing nature of the multi-layered e-skin enables simultaneous monitoring of temperature (0.198% °C−1), skin hydration (relative humidity = 0.77% %−1), and ECG (26 ± 1 dB) with continuous data transmission to a remote smartphone interface.
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